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<title>Spark testing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spark testing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Streak_test_(mineralogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streak test (mineralogy)">Streak test (mineralogy)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For spark testing explosives, see <a href="Safety_testing_of_explosives" title="Safety testing of explosives">Safety testing of explosives</a>.</div>

<p><b>Spark testing</b> is a method of determining the general <a href="Steel_grades" title="Steel grades">classification</a> of <a href="Ferrous" title="Ferrous">ferrous</a> materials. It normally entails taking a piece of metal, usually scrap, and applying it to a <a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">grinding wheel</a> in order to observe the sparks emitted.<sup id="cite_ref-geary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sparks can be compared to a chart or to sparks from a known test sample to determine the classification. Spark testing also can be used to sort ferrous materials, establishing the difference from one another by noting whether the spark is the same or different.

</p><p>Spark testing is used because it is quick, easy, and inexpensive. Moreover, test samples do not have to be prepared in any way, so, often, a piece of scrap is used. The main disadvantage to spark testing is its inability to identify a material positively; if positive identification is required, <a href="Chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical analysis">chemical analysis</a> must be used.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spark comparison method also damages the material being tested, at least slightly.

</p><p>Spark testing most often is used in <a href="Tool_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool room">tool rooms</a>, <a href="Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">machine shops</a>, <a href="Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">heat treating</a> shops, and <a href="Foundry" title="Foundry">foundries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-em_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2></div>

<p>A <a href="Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">bench grinder</a> is usually used to create the sparks, but sometimes this is not convenient, so a portable <a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">grinder</a> is used. In either case, the grinding wheel must have adequate surface velocity, at least 23 m/s (4500 <a href="Surface_feet_per_minute" title="Surface feet per minute">surface feet per minute</a> (sfpm)), but should be between 38 and 58 m/s (7500–11,500 sfpm). The wheel should be coarse and hard, therefore <a href="Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> or <a href="Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">carborundum</a> often are employed. The test area should be in an area where there is no bright light shining directly into the observer's eyes. Moreover, the grinding wheel and surrounding area should be dark so that the sparks can be observed clearly. The test sample is then touched lightly to the grinding wheel to produce the sparks.<sup id="cite_ref-geary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The important spark characteristics are color, volume, nature of the spark, and length. Note that the length is dependent on the amount of pressure applied to the grinding wheel, so this can be a poor comparison tool if the pressure is not exactly the same for the samples. Also, the grinding wheel must be <a href="Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">dressed</a> frequently to remove metallic build-up.<sup id="cite_ref-geary_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressed_air_method">Compressed air method</h3></div>

<p>Another less common method for creating sparks is heating up the sample to <a href="Red_heat" title="Red heat">red heat</a> and then applying compressed air to the sample. The compressed air supplies enough oxygen to ignite the sample and give off sparks. This method is more accurate than using a grinder because it will always give off sparks of the same length for the same sample. The compressed air applies in essence the same "pressure" each time. This makes observations of the spark length a much more reliable characteristic for comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_spark_testing">Automated spark testing</h3></div>

<p>Automated spark testing has been developed to remove the reliance upon operator skill and experience, thereby increasing reliability. The system relies upon <a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, <a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">spectrometry</a>, and other methods to "observe" the spark pattern. It has been found that this system can determine the difference between two materials that give off sparks that are indistinguishable to the human eye.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spark_characteristics">Spark characteristics</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Wrought iron</dt>

<dd><a href="Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> sparks flow out in straight lines. The tails of the sparks widen out near the end, similar to a <a href="Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geary_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Mild steel</dt>

<dd><a href="Mild_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mild steel">Mild steel</a> sparks are similar to wrought iron's, except they will have tiny forks and their lengths will vary more. The sparks will be white in color.<sup id="cite_ref-geary_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Medium-carbon steel</dt>

<dd>This steel has more forking than mild steel and a wide variety of spark lengths, with more near the grinding wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>High-carbon steel</dt>

<dd>High-carbon steel has a bushy spark pattern (much forking) that starts at the grinding wheel. The sparks are not as bright as the medium-carbon steel ones.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Manganese steel</dt>

<dd><a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> steel has medium length sparks that fork twice before ending.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>High-speed steel</dt>

<dd><a href="High-speed_steel" title="High-speed steel">High-speed steel</a> has a faint red spark that sparks at the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>300-series stainless steel</dt>

<dd>These sparks are not so dense as the carbon steel sparks, do not fork, and are orange to straw in color.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>310-series stainless steel</dt>

<dd>These sparks are much shorter and thinner than the 300-series sparks. They are red to orange in color and do not fork.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>400-series stainless steel</dt>

<dd>400-series sparks are similar to 300-series sparks, but are slightly longer and have forks at the ends of the sparks.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd><a href="Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> has very short sparks that begin at the grinding wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-geary_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Nickel and cobalt high-temperature alloys</dt>

<dd>These sparks are thin and very short, they are dark-red in color, and do not fork.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Cemented carbide</dt>

<dd><a href="Cemented_carbide" title="Cemented carbide">Cemented carbide</a> has sparks under 3 inches, which are dark-red in color and do not fork.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Titanium</dt>

<dd>Although <a href="Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> is a non-ferrous metal, it gives off a great deal of sparks. These sparks are easily distinguishable from ferrous metals, as they are a very brilliant, blinding, white color.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Max Bermann, an engineer in <a href="Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, was the first to discover that spark testing can be used reliably to classify ferrous material. He originally claimed to be able to distinguish different types of ferrous materials based on percent carbon and principal alloying elements. Moreover, he claimed to achieve an accuracy of 0.01% carbon content.<sup id="cite_ref-em_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-em-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Tschorn <sup id="cite_ref-tschorn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tschorn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced an exhaustive treatment of spark testing. His book, Spark Atlas of Steels, along with Spark Testing by Gladwin represent the two most comprehensive texts on the subject <sup id="cite_ref-dulski_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dulski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As of the late 1980s, the industrial use of spark testing is not as common as it used to be.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century the availability of portable <a href="X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> equipment largely superseded it in laboratory practice.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Flame_test" title="Flame test">Flame test</a></li>

<li><a href="Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">Emission spectrum</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-geary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geary_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geary_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geary_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geary_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geary_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geary_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeary1999">Geary 1999</a>, p. 63.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-davis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavisASM_International1994">Davis & ASM International 1994</a>, pp. 126–127.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-em-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-em_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-em_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Engineering_Magazine1910">The Engineering Magazine 1910</a>, pp. 262–265.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders1908">Saunders 1908</a>, pp. 4808–4810.</span>

</li>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWoodson1959" class="citation cs2">Woodson, C. W. (September 1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA192">"Spark Streams Identify Metals"</a>, <i><a href="Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>, <b>112</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">192–</span>193, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2007-12/titanium-or-plain-ol-steel">"Titanium, or Plain Ol Steel?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Bermann first reported the spark testing method at the fifth International Association for Testing Materials conference, which was held in <a href="Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, as reported by <i>The Engineering Magazine</i>. Based on knowing the conference was held in Copenhagen, the year can be found from:

<ul><li><cite class="citation cs2">"Copenhagen Congress on the Testing of Materials of Construction", <i>Nature</i>, <b>81</b> (2082): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>378, 1909-10-23, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1909Natur..81..377.">1909Natur..81..377.</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F081377a0">10.1038/081377a0</a></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFrançoisPineau2002" class="citation cs2">François, D.; Pineau, André (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg23LBRz4cMC"><i>From Charpy to Present Impact Testing</i></a>, Elsevier, p. 7, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-08-043970-9</bdi></cite></li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFObergJones1918">Oberg & Jones 1918</a>, pp. 88–92.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-tschorn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tschorn_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTschorn1963">Tschorn 1963</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dulski-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dulski_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDulski1996">Dulski 1996</a>, p. 57.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrozdaWickBenedictVeilleux1987">Drozda et al. 1987</a>, p. 7-18.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDavisASM_International1994" class="citation cs2">Davis, Joseph R; <a href="ASM_International_(society)" title="ASM International (society)">ASM International</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrlG98AHdoAC"><i>Stainless steels</i></a> (2nd, Illustrated ed.), ASM International, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87170-503-7</bdi></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDulski1996" class="citation cs2">Dulski, Thomas R. (1996), <i>A manual for the chemical analysis of metals</i>, ASTM International, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-80312-066-2</bdi></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGladwin" class="citation cs2">Gladwin, W.M., <i>Spark Testing</i>, United Steel Co., Sheffield, UK</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDrozdaWickBenedictVeilleux1987" class="citation cs2">Drozda, Tom; Wick, Charles; Benedict, John T.; Veilleux, Raymond F.; Bakerjian, Ramon (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5I1wNgGvuxsC"><i>Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook: Quality Control and Assembly</i></a>, vol. 4, <a href="Society_of_Manufacturing_Engineers" title="Society of Manufacturing Engineers">Society of Manufacturing Engineers</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87263-135-4</bdi></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThe_Engineering_Magazine1910" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BHOAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Engineering Magazine</i></a>, vol. XXXVIII, Engineering Magazine Co., 1910</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGeary1999" class="citation cs2">Geary, Don (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gPEaTnuOEgC"><i>Welding</i></a>, McGraw-Hill Professional, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-07-134245-2</bdi></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation cs2">Lee, Leonard (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtkWaJw5iXkC"><i>The Complete Guide to Sharpening</i></a>, Taunton Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-56158-125-2</bdi></cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFObergJones1918" class="citation cs2">Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin Day (1918), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8QxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Iron and Steel</i></a> (1st ed.), The Industrial Press</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1908" class="citation cs2">Saunders, William Lawrence (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-BDOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Compressed Air Magazine</i></a>, vol. XIII, Compressed Air Magazine Company</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTschorn1963" class="citation cs2">Tschorn, Gerhart (1963), <i>Spark Atlas of Steels: Cast-Iron, Pig-Iron, Ferro-Alloys and Metals, New York</i>, The MacMillan Company</cite>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machinetoolrecyclers.com/spark-test.html">Spark test pictures of various materials</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Metalworking238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Casting55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)" title="Centrifugal casting (industrial)">Centrifugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_casting" title="Continuous casting">Continuous</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporative-pattern_casting" title="Evaporative-pattern casting">Evaporative-pattern</a>

<li><a href="Investment_casting" title="Investment casting">Investment (Lost wax)</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanent_mold_casting" title="Permanent mold casting">Permanent mold</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaster_mold_casting" title="Plaster mold casting">Plaster mold</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-solid_metal_casting" title="Semi-solid metal casting">Semi-solid metal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_mold_casting#Shaw_process" title="Ceramic mold casting">Shaw process</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_molding" title="Shell molding">Shell molding</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chill_(casting)" title="Chill (casting)">Chill</a></li>

<li><a href="Flask_(metal_casting)" title="Flask (metal casting)">Flask</a></li>

<li><a href="Molding_sand" title="Molding sand">Molding sand</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_(casting)" title="Pattern (casting)">Pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Riser_(casting)" title="Riser (casting)">Riser</a></li>

<li><a href="Sprue_(manufacturing)" title="Sprue (manufacturing)">Sprue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casting_defect" title="Casting defect">Casting defects</a></li>

<li><a href="Draft_(engineering)" title="Draft (engineering)">Draft</a></li>

<li><a href="Dross" title="Dross">Dross</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundry" title="Foundry">Foundry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingot" title="Ingot">Ingot</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-finished_casting_products" title="Semi-finished casting products">Semi-finished casting products</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Forming,_fabrication,_and_finishing205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="wrap">Forming, fabrication, and finishing</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Piece_work" title="Piece work">Piece work</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">Sheet metal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coining_(metalworking)" title="Coining (metalworking)">Coining</a></li>

<li><a href="Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">Casting (metalworking)</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrohydraulic_forming" title="Electrohydraulic forming">Electrohydraulic forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_forming" title="Electromagnetic forming">Electromagnetic forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Explosive_forming" title="Explosive forming">Explosive forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydroforming" title="Hydroforming">Hydroforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">Stamping</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_hardening" title="Press hardening">Press hardening</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_stamping" title="Progressive stamping">Progressive stamping</a></li>

<li><a href="Punching" title="Punching">Punching</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinking_(metalworking)" title="Sinking (metalworking)">Sinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_spinning" title="Metal spinning">Spinning</a></li>

<li><a href="Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joining processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimping</a></li>

<li><a href="Rivet" title="Rivet">Riveting</a></li>

<li><a href="Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Surface_finishing" title="Surface finishing">Finishing processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anodizing" title="Anodizing">Anodizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Galvanization" title="Galvanization">Galvanizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treating</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_finishing" title="Mass finishing">Mass finishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Patina" title="Patina">Patination</a></li>

<li><a href="Peening" title="Peening">Peening</a></li>

<li><a href="Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li>

<li><a href="Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Machining_and_computing354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Machining and computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer-aided<br>engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Numerical_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical control">Numerical control (NC and CNC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drilling and<br>threading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li>

<li><a href="Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grinding and<br>lapping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">Boring</a></li>

<li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">Electrochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron-beam_machining" title="Electron-beam machining">Electron-beam machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li>

<li><a href="Facing_(machining)" title="Facing (machining)">Facing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hobbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">Photochemical machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving</a></li>

<li><a href="Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">Ultrasonic machining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machine tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">Cutting fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Speeds_and_feeds" title="Speeds and feeds">Speeds and feeds</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">Tool and die making</a></li>

<li><a href="Tramp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp oil">Tramp oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Workpiece" title="Workpiece">Workpiece</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Smithing43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smiths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">Blacksmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Bladesmith" title="Bladesmith">Bladesmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Coppersmith" title="Coppersmith">Coppersmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Locksmithing" title="Locksmithing">Locksmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewtersmith</a></li>

<li>Sheet metal worker</li>

<li><a href="Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinker" title="Tinker">Tinker</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">Tinsmith</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitesmith" title="Whitesmith">Whitesmith</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Planishing" title="Planishing">Planishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Raising_(metalworking)" title="Raising (metalworking)">Raising</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinking_(metalworking)" title="Sinking (metalworking)">Sinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li>

<li><a href="Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_hammer" title="Power hammer">Power hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking_tools333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Metalworking tools</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cutting machines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">Plasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">Water jet cutter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cutting tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li>

<li><a href="Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterbore" title="Counterbore">Counterbore</a></li>

<li><a href="Countersink" title="Countersink">Countersink</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nibbler" title="Nibbler">Nibbler</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shears</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipped_tool" title="Tipped tool">Tipped tool</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">Brake</a></li>

<li><a href="English_wheel" title="English wheel">English wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">Hydraulic press</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_press" title="Machine press">Machine press</a></li>

<li><a href="Punch_press" title="Punch press">Punch press</a></li>

<li><a href="Screw_press" title="Screw press">Screw press</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamping_press" title="Stamping press">Stamping press</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metalworking_hand_tool" title="Metalworking hand tool">Hand tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li>

<li><a href="Drift_pin" title="Drift pin">Drift pin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li>

<li><a href="Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li>

<li><a href="Needlegun_scaler" title="Needlegun scaler">Needlegun scaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Piercing_saw" title="Piercing saw">Piercing saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li>

<li><a href="Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punch</a></li>

<li><a href="Scriber" title="Scriber">Scriber</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongs" title="Tongs">Tongs</a></li>

<li><a href="Workbench" title="Workbench">Workbench</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bore_gauge" title="Bore gauge">Bore gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Calipers" title="Calipers">Caliper</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_gauge" title="Center gauge">Center gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)" title="Indicator (distance amplifying instrument)">Dial indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_spirit_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's spirit level">Engineer's spirit level</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeler_gauge" title="Feeler gauge">Feeler gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_block" title="Gauge block">Gauge block</a></li>

<li><a href="Go/no_go_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Go/no go gauge">Go/no go gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_gauge" title="Height gauge">Height gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_blue" title="Marking blue">Marking blue</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_out" title="Marking out">Marking out</a></li>

<li><a href="Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_comparator" title="Optical comparator">Optical comparator</a></li>

<li><a href="Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruler" title="Ruler">Ruler</a></li>

<li><a href="Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">Surface plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier scale</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li>

<li><a href="Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Welding111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Welding</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">Arc welding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atomic_hydrogen_welding" title="Atomic hydrogen welding">Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrogas_welding" title="Electrogas welding">Electrogas (EGW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_welding" title="Flash welding">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Flux-cored_arc_welding" title="Flux-cored arc welding">Flux-cored (FCAW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_arc_welding" title="Plasma arc welding">Plasma (PAW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shielded_metal_arc_welding" title="Shielded metal arc welding">Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Submerged_arc_welding" title="Submerged arc welding">Submerged (SAW)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_welding_processes" title="List of welding processes">Other processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electric_resistance_welding" title="Electric resistance welding">Electric resistance (ERW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron-beam_welding" title="Electron-beam welding">Electron-beam (EBW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroslag_welding" title="Electroslag welding">Electroslag (ESW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Exothermic_welding" title="Exothermic welding">Exothermic</a></li>

<li><a href="Forge_welding" title="Forge welding">Forge</a></li>

<li><a href="Friction_welding" title="Friction welding">Friction</a></li>

<li><a href="Friction_stir_welding" title="Friction stir welding">Friction stir (FSW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Friction_stud_welding" title="Friction stud welding">Friction stud</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_beam_welding" title="Laser beam welding">Laser beam (LBW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser-hybrid_welding" title="Laser-hybrid welding">Laser-hybrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_pulse_welding" title="Magnetic pulse welding">Magnetic pulse</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxyacetylene (OAW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Upset_welding" title="Upset welding">Upset</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electrode" title="Electrode">Electrode</a></li>

<li><a href="Filler_metal" title="Filler metal">Filler metal</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding_helmet" title="Welding helmet">Helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding_power_supply" title="Welding power supply">Power supply</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_welding" title="Robot welding">Robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Shielding_gas" title="Shielding gas">Shielding gas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Heat-affected_zone" title="Heat-affected zone">Heat-affected zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Photokeratitis" title="Photokeratitis">Photokeratitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Residual_stress" title="Residual stress">Residual stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Weldability" title="Weldability">Weldability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-11-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Spark_testing&oldid=1186194238">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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